
Identification of Highly Conserved G4 Sequences and Validation of the Anti-Dengue Efficacy of BRACO-19 Published in the Journal of Biomedical Science, Opening New Possibilities for RNA Virus Therapeutics
A research team led by Professor Lee Hyera of the Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at Korea University Sejong Campus has proposed a novel antiviral therapeutic strategy that targets structural features within the genomic RNA of the dengue virus.
Unlike conventional antiviral drug development, which has primarily focused on viral proteins, this study demonstrates that viral replication can be suppressed by modulating G-quadruplex (G4) structures present within the dengue virus genome using small-molecule ligands. Given the rapid accumulation of mutations in RNA viruses, the study is particularly noteworthy for introducing an innovative approach that targets the viral genome structure itself rather than viral proteins.
The findings were published in the international biomedical journal Journal of Biomedical Science (Impact Factor: 14.4; Top 5% in JCR) under the title: “Targeting a genomic RNA G-quadruplex of dengue virus with small molecules as an alternative to protein-targeted therapeutics.”
Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen responsible for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Approximately 400 million people worldwide are infected each year. The risk of infection continues to rise due to climate change-driven expansion of mosquito habitats and increasing international travel. Secondary infections caused by different dengue serotypes can significantly increase the risk of severe disease and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies.
To date, however, no clinically approved virus-specific treatment for dengue infection exists. Previous drug development efforts have focused on viral proteins such as NS3 protease and NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, the rapid mutation rate of RNA viruses can reduce drug-target binding affinity and lead to the emergence of drug resistance.
To address these limitations, the research team shifted its focus from viral proteins to the three-dimensional structure of genomic RNA. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are higher-order nucleic acid structures formed in guanine-rich sequences and are known to regulate gene e-x-p-r-e-s-s-i-o-n and translation when bound by specific ligands.
In this study, the team structurally screened seven candidate G4 sequences within the dengue virus genome and identified G4-3 as the most stable and highly conserved sequence across all four dengue virus serotypes. The researchers then compared various G4 ligands with different chemical structures and identified a small-molecule G4 ligand exhibiting potent anti-dengue activity.
Notably, the team confirmed that BRACO-19 binds to the G4-3 structure with high affinity at the nanomolar (nM) level. By inhibiting viral RNA translation, BRACO-19 blocked the production and accumulation of non-structural proteins essential for viral replication, including NS1, NS3, and NS5, thereby effectively suppressing dengue virus replication.
The antiviral effects were validated through in vitro experiments and recombinant dengue virus systems. Furthermore, in vivo studies also demonstrated the strong anti-dengue efficacy of BRACO-19. Importantly, therapeutic effects were observed across all four dengue virus serotypes, suggesting its potential as a broad-spectrum anti-dengue therapeutic.
A key distinguishing feature of this study is its focus on conserved genomic structures essential for viral survival rather than protein targets. While conventional protein-targeted therapies may lose efficacy due to single amino acid substitutions, G4 structures are more likely to maintain their overall three-dimensional conformation despite certain sequence variations. Consequently, G4-targeted antiviral strategies may provide a higher barrier against drug-resistant viral variants.
The study is also academically significant because it not only confirmed the existence of G4 structures within the dengue virus genome but also identified functionally important G4 sequences and experimentally demonstrated their therapeutic potential.
Professor Lee stated that the findings provide a promising new direction for dengue therapeutics, particularly in the absence of specific antiviral treatments. She added that her team has secured a follow-up project funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare aimed at developing antiviral therapeutics against RNA virus infectious diseases and is currently conducting research with the goal of obtaining IND approval for Phase I clinical trials. Since dengue fever imposes a significant disease burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries, the development of effective treatments could improve patient survival while reducing healthcare system burdens.
As climate change and increasing international mobility continue to raise the risk of dengue introduction and transmission in Korea, this research also establishes a proactive foundation for responding to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The team expects that the expertise gained through this genome structure-based therapeutic approach can be expanded to combat a wide range of RNA virus infections in the future.
Dr. Kim Youngjun, who served as co-first author, earned both his bachelor’s and doctoral degrees in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics and contributed key experimental work and foundational ideas to the study. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the Molecular Virology Laboratory. Co-first author Song Junyoung completed undergraduate research and earned a master’s degree in the same laboratory and is currently employed at CellinCells Co., Ltd. Professor Lee served as the corresponding author and supervised the research.
This study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s Antiviral Therapeutics Development Program for RNA Virus Infectious Diseases and the Dengue Therapeutics Development Project Based on G4 Ligands.
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